Theories of learning are and always have been predominantly associative theories. However, in the study of animal learning, where these theories have historically been most dominant, a different conception is gaining ground. Whereas associative theories have their historical roots in the empiricist philosophy of mind, the alternative conception has its roots in evolutionary biology, more partic...

The present article addresses the typology of the approaches to the science of the interrelatedness of the qur’ānic chapters. To this end, this science has been bought under typological analyses from the viewpoints of the past and contemporary scholars. In the approaches of the past scholars, topics such as the narrative origins and the backgrounds of this science, the chainlike relationship be...

Science becomes an important perspective in human life. Without science, people are difficult to move forwards and develop their ideas towards quality life. However, religious perspective plays the role in encouraging and guiding people into correct path, especially towards environmental. Therefore, human required development in science and technology, and include the religious perspective in s...

This chapter conceives the history of neural networks emerging from two millennia of attempts to rationalise and formalise the operation of mind. It begins with a brief review of early classical conceptions of the soul, seating the mind in the heart; then discusses the subsequent Cartesian split of mind and body, before moving to analyse in more depth the twentieth century hegemony identifying ...