Spinoza’s Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (TTP) is one of the first and most important theoretical justifications of the separation of religion from philosophy and from politics. The separation of church and state and the separation of theology from other scientific disciplines are of course defining moments of contemporary secularity. While it can easily appear from certain religiously conserva...

sciencethe article intends to study the common denominators and intersection of the empirical sciences with and religion so as to study the instances in which religion may effect scinces. the aim is to provide foundations for the establishment of religious science. for this purpoes,with the help of literature produced in the philosophy of science ,such subjects as the mode of scientific cogniza...

in the present article, the author has tried to describe ghazali's arguments and claims to oppose philosophers and philosophy in brief; for, it goes without saying that he is one of the most serious and stubborn opponents of philosophy and philosophers in all historical eras. in this concern, many points have been posed; but we are better to judge based of words of ghazali and first-order ...

One of the arguments for which Kant is best known (or most notorious) is the so-called “moral proof” of the existence of God, freedom, and the immortal soul. Versions of the proof can be found in each of the Critiques, in various lectures, and in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. “Proof” has to be taken loosely here, since the attitude licensed by moral considerations, for Kant, is...

The Christian Church has traditionally held that the inspiration of Holy Scripture is verbal, plenary, and confluent. But such an affirmation may seem to be incoherent. For if Scripture is the product of both divine and human free agency, then it seems impossible that God should have sufficient control of the various authors of Scripture so as to produce a Word that is verbally and plenarily hi...

The concept of "other" is one of the fundamental concepts of philosophy, especially in the twentieth century and in the works of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre and Levinas, which carriesepistemological and ontological importance. It was also introduced by Mikhail Bakhtin in the field of literature and literary theory. From another perspective, Naser Khosrow developed and introduced such a...