In the process of in vivo multiplication EPN, Infective Juvenile (IJs) enters into body host insect; Galleria mellonella (wax moth) larvae through natural openings and cuticle. They release symbiotic bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens insect body. The multiply hemocoel, cause septicemia disease kills within 48 hours, multiplies complete 2-3 generations inside With proven effectiveness demonstrat...

Photorhabdus luminescens, an entomopathogenic bacterium and nematode symbiont, has homologues of the Hca and Mhp enzymes. In Escherichia coli, these enzymes catalyze the degradation of the aromatic compounds 3-phenylpropionate (3PP) and cinnamic acid (CA) and allow the use of 3PP as sole carbon source. P. luminescens is not able to use 3PP and CA as sole carbon sources but can degrade them. Hca...

The history of entomopathogenic nematology is briefly reviewed. Topic selections include early descriptions of members of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, how only morphology was originally used to distinguish between the species; descriptions of the symbiotic bacteria and elucidating their role in the nematode- insect complex, including antibiotic properties, phase variants, and impeding host ...

The bacterial symbiont AM7(T), isolated from a novel entomopathogenic nematode species of the genus Heterorhabditis, displays the main phenotypic traits of the genus Photorhabdus and is highly pathogenic to Galleria mellonella. Phylogenetic analysis based on a multigene approach (16S rRNA, recA, gyrB, dnaN, gltX and infB) confirmed the classification of isolate AM7(T) within the species Photorh...

Photorhabdus luminescens is a gram negative symbiotic bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and is a lethal pathogen of insects. It lives in the gut of an entomopathogenic nematode of the family Heterorhabditidae. When the nematode infects an insect, P. luminescensis released into the blood stream and rapidly kills the insect host by producing toxins. So the present study was ca...

Photorhabdus luminescens secretes both high molecular weight insecticidal toxin complexes and also a range of extracellular proteases into culture broth. Previous studies by others have suggested that insecticidal activity of the broth is associated with these proteases. However, by gene cloning and targeted knock-out, we have previously shown that oral insecticidal activity is associated with ...

Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. are major insect bacterial pathogens symbiotically associated with nematodes. These bacteria are transported by their nematode hosts into the hemocoel of the insect prey, where they proliferate within hemolymph. In this work we report that wild strains belonging to different species of both genera are able to produce hemolysin activity on blood agar plates...

Twenty strains (including eight phase variant pairs) of nematode-symbiotic and insect-pathogenic Photorhabdus bacteria were examined for the production of proteolytic enzymes by using a combination of several methods, including gelatin liquefaction, zymography coupled to native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and activity measurement with two chromogen substrate t...

Microbial populations stochastically generate variants with strikingly different properties, such as virulence or avirulence and antibiotic tolerance or sensitivity. Photorhabdus luminescens bacteria have a variable life history in which they alternate between pathogens to a wide variety of insects and mutualists to their specific host nematodes. Here, we show that the P. luminescens pathogenic...