The pistachio (Pistacia.vera) belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. Plants of this family are trees or shrubs (broadleaf) and in total comprising 75 genera and 600 species. This species is found in arid and semi-arid regions, located in the northeast of Iran. Many algorithms have been investigated for tree delineation and identification, in order to assist human operators in the information expl...

Aflatoxins, carcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus fungi, contaminate maize, peanuts, and tree nuts in many regions of the world. Pistachios are the main source of human dietary aflatoxins from tree nuts worldwide. Over 120 countries have regulations for maximum allowable aflatoxin levels in food commodities. We developed social network models to analyze the association between nations' af...

OBJECTIVES Stillbirth is an undesirable outcome of pregnancy. In light of the increasing use of pesticides and growing concerns about the possible health effects of agricultural pesticides, we investigated the effect of exposure to pistachio pesticides on stillbirth in pregnant mothers. METHODS This case-control study was conducted in Rafsanjan, Iran from 2011 to 2012. A total of 125 females ...

This study analyzes the structure and composition of ant communities in citrus orchards in Catalonia (northeast Spain) and compares them with the ant fauna found in natural communities of the region. In the citrus orchards considered in this study, the most abundant species were Lasius niger and Pheidole pallidula, which are behaviorally dominant species. Two other dominant species, Linepithema...

ORIGIN AND HISTORY The pistachio is native to western Asia and Asia Minor, where it is still found growing wild in numerous hot, dry locations in Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Iran, Iraq, India, Southern Europe and the desert countries of Asia and Africa. It was introduced to Europe at the beginning of the Christian era. The first pistachio introductions to the United States were by the USDA plant...

Abstract In the Rafsanjan plain, Iran, excessive use of groundwater for pistachio irrigation since 1960s has led to a severe water level decline as well land subsidence. this study, advantages InSAR analyses and flow modeling are combined improve understanding subsurface processes causing groundwater-related subsidence in several areas region. For purpose, calibration scheme numerical model was...

We studied the effect of many years of streptomycin use in apple orchards on the proportion of phyllosphere bacteria resistant to streptomycin and bacterial community structure. Leaf samples were collected during early July through early September from four orchards that had been sprayed with streptomycin during spring of most years for at least 10 years and four orchards that had not been spra...

Seasonal flight activity of Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) adults was monitored using yellow sticky traps at sweet cherry orchards under different management regimes in Bursa, northwestern Turkey, during 1997-1998. In the reduced-risk backyard orchards, soil ploughing in the fall or spring to destroy the pupae was combined with a single application of an insecticide, while conven...

Densities of an herbivorous pest may be impacted by landscape and orchard architecture. We present two orchard experiments where the densities of the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) were compared depending on: (1) the presence or absence of a windbreak and (2) if the orchards consisted of a solid set re-planting or an orchard with a mixture of mature and reset-replacement trees. Psyllid...

Development of a control strategy for thrips attacking nectarine trees depends on an understanding of their phenology, distribution, and life history as related to characteristics of nectarine orchards. To this end, we compared the overwintering behavior, distribution, and abundance of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), among 11 nectarine orchards located in the dry c...