To survive and complete their life cycle, herbivorous insects face the difficult challenge of coping with the arsenal of plant defences. A new study reports that aphids secrete evolutionarily conserved cytokines in their saliva to suppress host immune responses.

Molecular population genetic studies are providing new perspectives on the evolution of genes that confer resistance to pathogens and herbivores. Here, we compare the evolutionary history of different components of the defense response (detection, signaling and response) and of genes with parallel function in plants and Drosophila. A review of the literature indicates that the dominant form of ...

Plant genomes contain large numbers of cell surface leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and intracellular nucleotide binding (NB)-LRR immune receptors encoded by resistance (R) genes that recognize specific pathogen effectors and trigger resistance responses. The unregulated expression of NB-LRR genes can trigger autoimmunity in the absence of pathogen infection and inhibit plant growth. Despite the pote...

Complementary biochemical and genetic approaches are being used to dissect the signaling network that regulates the innate immune response in plants. Receptor-mediated recognition of invading pathogens triggers a signal amplification loop that is based on synergistic interactions between nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates and salicylic acid. Alternative resistance mechanisms in Arabido...

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of replacing fish meal with plant sources on growth performance, immune responses, hematological parameters and disease resistance in rainbow trout. In this study, mean of initial body weight of fish was 15±2 g and the experiment was carried out for a period of 60 days. Four experimental diets were formulated to replace 0, 40, 70 and 100% fish me...

All multicellular eukaryotes are susceptible to pathogens. Animal hosts have developed cell-autonomous innate immunity, and chordates have additionally evolved an adaptive immune system to defend against pathogen invasion. In contrast, plant immunity is entirely innate, and relies on the ability of individual cells to activate defense upon pathogen detection by either cell surface or cytoplasmi...

The cannabinoid system is now recognized as a regulator of both the nervous and immune systems. Although marijuana has been used for centuries for the treatment of a variety of disorders, its therapeutic mechanisms are only now being understood. The best-studied plant cannabinoid, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), produced by Cannabis sativa and found in marijuana, has shown evidence of being ...

So, these features of vertebrate immunity can be achieved in plants using different. Question is: how does the plant immune system do this? Co-opting the Cell-Cycle Machinery for Plant Immunity, Cell Host Microbe 16. Are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants, Nature, pdf.Our current view of the plant immune system can be represented as a four phased. 2Department of Biology, D...

In natural ecosystems, disease is not the rule, but a rare outcome in the spectrum of plant–microbe interaction, since plants have developed, during their evolutionary history, various defence strategies to face pathogens. Therefore, in this evolutionary arms race, plants have (co)evolved a complex set of defence mechanisms to counteract pathogen challenging and, in most cases, prevent infectio...

Network robustness is a crucial property of the plant immune signaling network because pathogens are under a strong selection pressure to perturb plant network components to dampen plant immune responses. Nevertheless, modulation of network robustness is an area of network biology that has rarely been explored. While two modes of plant immunity, Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) and Pattern-Tri...