asphaltenes are the n-pentane or n-heptane insoluble fractions of crude oil that remain in solution under reservoir temperature and pressure conditions. they are destabilized and start to precipitate when the pressure, temperature and/or composition changes occur during primary production. the precipitated asphaltene particles will then grow in size and may start to deposit onto the production ...

Plant roots interact with many bacteria, fungi, and microscopic organisms within the soil that can impact how well plants grow. Some of these are animals called nematodes, they an especially important part life in soil. Nematodes be good, bad, neutral for plants. scientists nematologists study nematodes to prevent bad ones from damaging crops, like carrots. Nematologists other partner up help f...

B. BACKGROUND: With the time rapidly approaching when we will need to grow food plants in an orbiting space station, in a lunar base, and in a station on Mars, it would be important to know just how much fertilizer is absolutely necessary for maximum growth in those environments. Payload size for launching support materials is very precious, so we don't want to send up any more than necessary. ...

Plants often grow under the combined stress of several factors. Salinity and herbivory, separately, can severely hinder plant growth and reproduction, but the combined effects of both factors are still not clearly understood. Salinity is known to reduce plant tissue nitrogen content and growth rates. Since herbivores prefer tissues with high N content, and biochemical pathways leading to resist...

abstract the purpose of this research was to transform two economically important cultivars of strawberry with p5cs gene, which encodes δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (p5cs), the key enzyme in proline biosynthesis. shoots were obtained on ms basal medium supplemented with 2% glucose and 4 mg/l tdz for camarosa and kurdistan cultivars. for genetic transformation, a binary vector pbi121 co...

Start-up of a manufacturing system is a time-consuming task because control software is usually designed detached from the real plant or a simulation model. Even the most experienced software engineer is not able to consider every possible scenario without having feedback from a plant or its model. So, undesired behavior can occur after transferring software to the controller. At best, the erro...