Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been effective because it confers both epistemic and moral authority, promising that both individual patient care and public health interventions are effective, safe and efficient, that these decisions and standards can be determined (and therefore judged) in a transparent manner and that this form of decision making is reliable, objective and value-free. The p...

The aim of this paper is an analysis of Karl Marx’s account of social criticism. The paper opens with a distinction between two models of social criticism, Platonic and Socratic, present in the contemporary political philosophy. The main argument is that despite the contradictory character of the two models of criticism, they are both present in Marx’s account of criticism. Through the concept ...

the political, social transformation in 1940’s, are counted as an importance point in recent history of iran. for increasing the process of reconstruction, mohammad reza shah conquest and destroyed the opponents of this program using military forces and savak (intelligence agency). these opponents believe in working under the mashroote laws. after devastating these opponents, new opponents appe...

The responsibility for the content lies solely with the author(s). Comments and critique by readers of this series are highly appreciated. Summary Agricultural programs are often criticized as being expensive and wasteful. However, spurred by the ideas of Nobel Prize winner Gary BECKER many studies in agricultural policy have implicitly assumed or tried to test whether, given the political cons...

intellectuality and politics have a very close and historical linkage with each other. this article beside the redefinition of intellectuality concept, want to study relationship between these two concept through the six periods of west civilization history: 1) greek-roman period until 5th century, 2) first period of christianity from 5th to 11th centuries, 3) second period of christianity from...