1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Brainstem arousal systems 3.1. The reticular formation 3.2. The cholinergic ponto-mesencephalic neurons 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons 3.4. The dopaminergic ventral mesencephalic neurons 3.5. The serotonergic raphe neurons 4. Thalamo-cortical activating system 5. Hypothalamic arousal systems 5.1. The posterior hypothalamus 5.2. The histaminergic tu...

Nos ultimos anos, vêm se acumulando as evidências sobre a necessidade de vanádio dos organismos mais evoluídos. Estudos de compostos modelos constituem-se numa importante ferramenta para o entendimento dos diferentes aspectos da bioquímica deste bioelemento. Neste artigo, apresentamos os resultados dos nossos estudos, assim como os de outros grupos de pesquisa, sobre compostos modelos relaciona...

Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome is a rare neurological disorder with a variable age at onset and clinical course. The key features are progressive ponto-bulbar palsy and bilateral sensorineural deafness. A complex neurological phenotype with a mixed picture of upper and lower motor neuron involvement reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis evolves with disease progression. We identified ...

The Ponto-Caspian mysid shrimp Hemimysis anomala was found in Ireland for the first time in April 2008. During 2009 it was found throughout most of the Shannon River Navigation (~250km) occurring in swarms at estimated densities of ~6 per litre in shallows and in lower densities at depths of ~20m where its distribution overlaps with the native Mysis salemaai. Broods were found from March to Sep...

The paper presents the first record of the Ponto-Caspian amphipod crustacean Pontogammarus robustoides G.O. Sars, 1894, in the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea. Eight individuals of this invasive amphipod were found in June 2009, in shallow waters of the gulf near Yurmala city. Most likely this species entered the Gulf of Riga from Latvian rivers emptying into the Baltic Sea, where it was previously fo...

Além de ser clara a aplicabilidade dessas técnicas para o problema de motoristas, correios ou serviços de emergência, existe uma motivação muito mais importante para se começar a estudá-los: a determinação dos menores caminhos aparece constante e consistentemente como um subproblema de problemas mais complexos em grafos. 2.1 Algoritmo de Dijkstra: Entre um dado ponto e os demais No algoritmo de...