For several decades there has been a steady increase in the incidence of bacterial infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-positive infections have become a serious problem, especially in the nosocomial setting, and the treatment of these infections is complicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Staphylococci are among the most frequent causes of both communityand h...

OBJECTIVE To summarize evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin (PCT) tests for identifying secondary bacterial infections in patients with influenza. METHODS Major databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, were searched for studies published between January 1966 and May 2009 that evaluated PCT as a marker for diagnosing bacterial infections in patients with...

Routinely used biomarkers of bacterial etiology of infection, such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, have limited usefulness for evaluation of infections since their expression is enhanced by a number of different conditions. Therefore, several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were analyzed with sera from patients hospitalized for moderate bacterial and viral infectious diseases. In...

The pathogenic nature of many infectious bacteria is enhanced by their ability to form surface-associated, protected communities known as "biofilms." Due to various factors, bacteria in biofilm communities display significantly greater resistance to traditional antimicrobial therapies than their planktonic brethren. This resistance complicates many common bacterial infections, resulting in recu...

Concurrent infections are a common complication of viral respiratory infections. They pose diagnostic challenges due to an overlap similar symptoms, resistance treatment and extending length hospital stay. In this review we will extensively discuss the most concurrent in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough literature search was conducted online databases such as PubMed...

Bacterial infections of cutaneous leishmaniasis cause skin ulcers on mice, resulting in increased tissue deterioration, and these infections can be controlled with liquid allicin. To isolate and identify the incidences of real secondary bacterial infections in mice, we performed the current study by injecting mice (n = 50) with Leishmania major. L. major infections were initiated by an intramus...