We formulate and test a model that allows sharp separation between two different ways in which environment affects evaluation of outcomes, by comparing social vs. private and personal responsibility vs. chance. In the experiment, subjects chose between two lotteries, one low-risk and one high-risk. They could then observe the outcomes. By varying the environment between private (they could obse...

The purposes of this study were to examine symptom patterns and diminished general well-being as negative outcomes and vigor and change as positive outcomes of trait and state anger via two structural equation models. In a school auditorium, a convenience sample of 141 boys and girls, ages 12-14 years, responded to the Trait Anger Scale and the State Anger Scale and to instruments measuring gen...

Cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRPs) are receiving increasing attention because they restore, maintain, or improve both physiologic and psychosocial client outcomes (Evenson, Rosamond & Luepker, 1998). However, less attention has been paid to the effect such programs may have on the health-related quality of life of participants. The objective of this study was to measure health-related quali...

Objective The difference between positive and negative outcomes is important in trial-and-error decision-making processes and affects corticospinal excitability. This study investigated corticospinal excitability during the performance of trial-and-error decision-making tasks with varying competing behavioral outcomes. Methods Each trial began with one of five colored circles presented as a c...

Joyce P. Yi-Frazier, Marisa Hilliard, Katherine Cochrane, Korey K. Hood Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA Johns Hopkins Adherence Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, USA Madison Clinic for Pediatric Diabetes, University of California, San Franci...

Positive mood can affect a person's tendency to gamble, possibly because positive mood fosters unrealistic optimism. At the same time, unexpected positive outcomes, often called prediction errors, influence mood. However, a linkage between positive prediction errors-the difference between expected and obtained outcomes-and consequent risk taking has yet to be demonstrated. Using a large data se...

The field of child maltreatment prevention is undergoing a transformation. Clinical practice is moving toward the promotion of factors that support optimal child development and broadening its focus to include the healthy outcomes that arise from positive childhood experiences. In January 2014, the Centers for Disease Control held a kickoff meeting in Atlanta to begin state-level implementation...

Background: Body image is an integral component of the self-concept that significantly shapes human functioning and people’s life outcomes. Although negative body image is well-studied, there is little research on positive body image. The study examined the basic characteristics of positive body image intending to standardize a scale for it.  Methods: The study used using an exploratory resear...