Superiorly – Skull base Inferiorly – Greater cornu of hyoid and Submandibular gland fascia Laterally – Ascending ramus of mandible Medially – Superior constrictor muscle and pharyngobasilar fascia with tonsillar fossa Anteriorly – Interpterygoids and buccinators fascia, tail of Submandibular gland Posteriorly – Vertebral column, paravertebral muscles. Posterolaterally – Parotid fascia, posterio...

Congenital agenesis of lumbar vertebrae was diagnosed in a day-old female lamb based on radiology and clinical examinations. There was no neurological deficit in hindlimb and forelimb associated with standing disability. Radiography of the abdominal region revealed absence of lumbar vertebrae. Necropsy confirmed clinical and radiographic results. No other anomaly or agenesis was seen macroscopi...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of modified posterior vertebral column resection (MPVCR) in treating osteoporotic Kummell disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between January 2013 and January 2015, 10 patients who were diagnosed with Kummell disease underwent MPVCR treatment, and their medical records were retrospectively collected. Every patient had follow-up fo...

In higher vertebrates, the formation of the body axis proceeds in a craniocaudal direction during gastrulation. Cell biological evidence suggests that mesoderm formation and specification of axial positions occur simultaneously. Exposure of gastrulating embryos to retinoic acid induces changes in axial patterns, e.g. anterior and posterior homeotic transformations of vertebrae. These morphologi...

PURPOSE To investigate the long-term effects of vertebral-body-sparing proton craniospinal irradiation (CSI) on the spine of young patients with medulloblastoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS Six children between the ages of 3 and 5 years with medulloblastoma were treated with vertebral-body-sparing proton CSI after maximal safe resection. Radiation therapy was delivered in the supine position with p...

acute paraplegia is a rare but catastrophic complication of surgeries performed on aorta and corrective operations of vertebral column. trauma to spinal cord after spinal anesthesia and ischemia of spinal cord also may lead to acute paraplegia. acute paraplegia as a complication of general anesthesia in surgeries performed on sites other than aorta and vertebral column is very rare. here we pre...

The aims of spinal deformity surgery are to achieve balance, relieve pain and prevent recurrence or worsening of the deformity.The main types of osteotomies are the Smith-Petersen osteotomy (SPO), pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO), bone-disc-bone osteotomy (BDBO) and vertebral column resection (VCR), in order of increasing complexity.SPO is a posterior column osteotomy in which the posterior ...

The compartmentalization of somites along their anterior-posterior axis is crucial to the segmental organization of the vertebral column. Anterior-posterior somite polarity is generated in the anterior presomitic mesoderm by Mesp2 and Delta/Notch signaling and is further maintained by two transcriptional regulators, Uncx4.1 and Tbx18, acting in the posterior and anterior somite compartment, res...

Total and regional allometric growth rates and termination sites of the spinal cord related to the respective vertebra were studied in 36 goat fetuses, from the Ahvaz slaughterhouse. These specimens were assigned to 3 groups, group 1 (CRL 10-20 cm), group 2 (CRL 21-30 cm), and group 3 (CRL 31-40 cm), each consisting of 6 male and 6 female fetuses. Observations in all 3 groups revealed that alth...