EARLIER STUDY (1) demonstrated that infrared spectroscopy, utilizing potassium bromide disk preparations, could be effectively applied to identification of inorganic and organic renal tract calculi. The application of this newer and fundamental tool has now been extended to the identification of pathologic concretions arising in other organs and systems. Furthermore, this technic is readily uti...

Prediction of the nucleation mechanism is one of the most critical factors in the design of a crystallization system. Information about the nucleation mechanism helps to control the size, shape, size distribution, and purity of the produced crystals. When the crystallization method is used for producing nanoparticles, the nucleation mechanism should be predicted. In this study, an empirical cor...

Precipitation titrations are based upon reactions that yield ionic compounds of limited solubility. The most important precipitating reagent is silver nitrate. Titrimetric methods based upon silver nitrate are sometimes termed argentometric methods. Potassium chromate can serve as an end point indicator for the argentometric determination of chloride, bromide and cyanide ions by reacting with s...

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and oleic acid (OA) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Glutathione (GSH), 3-(4,5-dimethylthialzol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), alpha lipoic acid (ALA), buthionine sulfoximine (BS) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was purchased from Dingguo reagent company (Beijing, China). All buffers were p...

Well-dispersed palladium (0) nanoparticles stabilized with phosphonium based ionic liquid were synthesized conveniently and fully characterized. A catalyst system comprising of the Pd(0) nanoparticles and a base was found to be recyclable and efficient for the aminocarbonylation reaction of aryl iodide in ionic liquid media. In the presence of potassium tert-butyloxide, for the relatively stabl...

^TV-dimethylformamide (DMF, 37 ml) was added potassium carbonate (510mg, 3.69mmol) and benzyl bromide (170^1, 1.43mmol) at room temperature (r.t.). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2hours and extracted with ethyl acetate (200ml) after the addition of water (200 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was chromatographedon silica gel to obtain 1,1l...