ABSTRACT Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) are disorders that occur in adolescent girls every month. Symptoms PMS PMDD will interfere with daily activities, even reduce their quality of life. In research, one the factors associated is stress. Teenagers who live dormitories according to research have higher stress levels than non-dormitory students. This study aims determ...

Disease mongering starts at the top of recent accusations being hurled at psychiatry. It is used to refer to the attempts by pharmaceutical companies or others who have similar interests, to enlarge the market for a treatment by convincing people that they are sick and need medical intervention. This paper critically analyses the 'for' and 'against' arguments of disease mongering in psychiatric...

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a wide range of symptoms that commonly effect women one to two weeks before their period (menstruation) begins. The specific causes of PMS are unknown, but fluctuating hormone levels during the menstrual cycle appear to play an important role. PMS can lead to both physical and mental complications; anxiety, depression, mood swings, irritability, insomnia, m...

Five percent of menstruating women have severe premenstrual symptoms and impairment of functioning defined as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Clinically significant premenstrual symptoms occur in at least an additional 20% of menstruating women. The diagnosis of PMDD should be confirmed by prospective symptom charting over 2 menstrual cycles to confirm the timing of the symptoms and to ...

The advances in the careful screening and diagnosis of women with PMS has led to the ability to conduct epidemiologic, etiologic, and treatment studies in well-defined samples of women. Prospective symptom charting, scoring methods, and careful clinical psychiatric and medical evaluation are necessary to rule out concurrent psychiatric and medical disorders. Studies of women with PMDD have sugg...