Three approaches in obtaining the closed-form solution of the Vasicek bond pricing problem are discussed in this exposition. A derivation based solely on the distribution of the short rate process is reviewed. Solving the bond price partial differential equation (PDE) is another method. In this paper, this PDE is derived via a martingale approach and the bond price is determined by integrating ...

This paper studies the relation between Bayesian mechanism design and the Ramsey-Boiteux approach to the provision and pricing of excludable public goods. For a large economy with private information about individual preferences, the two approaches are shown to be equivalent if and only if, in addition to incentive compatibility and participation constraints, the …nal allocation of private-good...

Suitable pricing models for Internet services represent one of the main prerequisites for a successfully running implementation of a charging and accounting tool. This paper introduces general aspects influencing the choice of a pricing model and presents a survey of relevant approaches to be found in the scientific literature. Based on cost model investigations some detailed insight into price...

INTRODUCTION The pricing and reimbursement process in Bulgaria is based on different approaches implemented by NCPR among which is external and internal reference pricing A pharmacoeconomic guidelines (PE) with a HTA approach for assessment of submitted dossiers was implemented y the competent authority (CA) in Bulgaria in April 2015. Requirements for efficacy, safety, benefits, adverse events,...

Organic eggs have been marketed to provide safe food and protect the environment sustainability all at once. However, high price is being an obstacle expanding organic egg market in East Java Province. The aims of this research were analyze factors that influence willingness pay (WTP) hedonic prices formulate pricing strategies. This was conducted by using online survey method Province, Indones...

abstract management of water resources in iran is faced with growing demand for water resources, a considerable increase in the costs of supplying additional water and uncontrolled exploitation of underground waters. economists suggest water pricing to improve water use efficiency; however, government tends to reject that advice due to political risk, economic and cultural concerns. we used a p...