PCR Detection of Babesia ovata from Cattle Reared in Japan and 1 Clinical Significance of Co-Infection with Theileria orientalis 2 3 Running title: Co-infection of B. ovata and T. orientalis in cattle 4 5 Thillaiampalam Sivakumar, Michihito Tagawa, Takeshi Yoshinari, Adrian P. Ybañez, 6 Ikuo Igarashi, Yuzuru Ikehara, Hiroshi Hata, Seiji Kondo, Kotaro Matsumoto, 7 Hisashi Inokuma, and Naoaki Yok...

Pathogens have evolved mechanisms to modulate host cell functions and avoid recognition and destruction by the host damage response. For many years, researchers have focused on proteins as the main effectors used by pathogens to hijack host cell pathways, but only recently with the development of deep RNA sequencing these molecules were brought to light as key players in infectious diseases. Pr...

When viewed from the top, Trichodina is circular; side views of the organism reveal a saucer or dome shape (Fig. 1). It has three rings of cilia (small, hair-like projections) encircling its body and oral cavity, which are used for locomotion and feeding. Its body is supported by a rigid ring of interconnected discs called a chitinoid or denticular ring (Fig. 2). Each disc has a thorn-like inne...

Protozoan infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among parasitic infections of humans, accounting for approximately 800 thousand mortalities and a loss of more than 30 million disability-adjusted life years annually. The major protozoan infections of humans, namely malaria, Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, are primarily centered in the tropi...

A number of features occurring during host-parasite interactions in Chagas disease caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmaniasis, caused by a group of kinetoplastid protozoan parasites are reminiscent of those observed in cancer diseases. In fact,although the cancer is not a single disease, and that T.cruzi and Leishmania are sophisticated eukaryotic parasites presentin...

Vaccination is an efficient means of combating infectious disease burden globally. However, routine vaccines for the world's major human parasitic diseases do not yet exist. Vaccines based on carbohydrate antigens are a viable option for parasite vaccine development, given the proven success of carbohydrate vaccines to combat bacterial infections. We will review the key components of carbohydra...

PCR Detection of Babesia ovata from Cattle Reared in Japan and 1 Clinical Significance of Co-Infection with Theileria orientalis 2 3 Running title: Co-infection of B. ovata and T. orientalis in cattle 4 5 Thillaiampalam Sivakumar, Michihito Tagawa, Takeshi Yoshinari, Adrian P. Ybañez, 6 Ikuo Igarashi, Yuzuru Ikehara, Hiroshi Hata, Seiji Kondo, Kotaro Matsumoto, 7 Hisashi Inokuma, and Naoaki Yok...

Introduction: Intestinal Protozoan infections remain a public health problem in low-income and middle-income settings of tropical and subtropical zones however epidemiological evidence is scarce in urban areas. Objectives: To measure the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and to identify risk factors associated with protozoan infections among the school children of Biratnagar. Materi...

The concern about the protection of wildlife has been gathering attention from researchers worldwide. Zoos and aquariums have become widely recognized sites for conservation wildlife. However, persistence illegal trade wild animals, such as reptiles, their use pets can endanger not only preservation species, but also allow introduction new pathogens zoonotic diseases. It is important to highlig...