Monte Carlo dose calculations will potentially reduce systematic errors that may be present in currently used dose calculation algorithms. However, Monte Carlo calculations inherently contain random errors, or statistical uncertainty, the level of which decreases inversely with the square root of computation time. Our purpose in this study was to determine the level of uncertainty at which a lu...

Abstract. This study presents the first-ever complete characterization of random errors in dual-polarimetric spectral observations meteorological targets by cloud radars. The is given means mathematical equations for joint probability density functions (PDFs) and error covariance matrices. derived are checked consistency using real radar measurements. One main conclusions that convenient repres...