This article deals with one of the dimensions European Union’s raw materials policy, including rare earth elements (REE). The core and overarching goal policy implemented by a given entity is to ensure security in terms materials. Taking into account current geopolitical situation ongoing war Ukraine, main part discussion regarding focuses on issues related supply energy sources, gas or coal. R...

Abstract Magnetocaloric hydrogen liquefaction could be a ‘game-changer’ for liquid industry. Although heavy rare-earth based magnetocaloric materials show strong effects in the temperature range required by (77–20 K), high resource criticality of elements is major obstacle upscaling this emerging technology. In contrast, higher abundances light make their alloys highly appealing liquefaction. V...