Growing public interest in getting information on the origin of raw materials used to manufacture goods for daily life has triggered development concepts increase transparency material supply chains. Analytical proofs (APOs) may support those by giving evidence about a specific shipment. For variety like gemstones, TTT (tantalum, tin, tungsten) minerals, and others, APOs have been developed. Th...

We report the results of an analysis of raw material selection patterns in the assemblages from two Late Pliocene in situ archaeological localities in the Makaamitalu Basin (Hadar, Ethiopia). While the same local conglomerate was used as a raw material source for both archaeological occurrences, different selection criteria are identified. At A.L. 894, selection for quality is subtle and the cl...

Extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and tricalcium phosphate, serve as raw materials, and thus spatial patterning of these raw materials may be leveraged to mimic the smooth transition of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties at the bone-cartilage interface. We hypothesized that encapsulation of opposing gradients of these raw materials in high molecu...