Although cosmic rays were discovered a century ago, we do not know where or how they are accelerated. There is a realistic hope that the oldest problem in astronomy will be solved soon by ambitious experimentation: air shower arrays of 10,000 kilometer-square area, arrays of air Cerenkov telescopes and kilometer-scale neutrino observatories. Their predecessors are producing science. We will rev...

We are constructing a model which aims to reproduce observational data of many kinds related to cosmic-ray origin and propagation: direct measurements of nuclei, antiprotons, electrons and positrons, γ-rays, and synchrotron radiation. These data provide many independent constraints on any model. Propagation of primary and secondary nucleons, primary and secondary electrons and positrons are cal...

We are constructing a model which aims to reproduce observational data of many kinds related to cosmic-ray origin and propagation: direct measurements of nuclei, antiprotons, electrons and positrons,-rays, and synchrotron radiation. These data provide many independent constraints on any model. Propagation of primary and secondary nucleons, primary and secondary electrons and positrons are calcu...

The ISM of active galaxy centers is exposed to a combination of cosmic ray, FUV and X-ray radiation. We apply PDR models to this ISM with both 'nor-mal' and highly elevated (5 × 10 −15 s −1) cosmic-ray rates and compare the results to those obtained for XDRs. Our existing PDR-XDR code is used to construct models over a 10 3 − 10 5 cm −3 density range and for 0.16-160 erg s −1 cm −2 im-pingent f...