Interleukin-6 is pro-inflammatory cytokine which plays a role in storm and brought into notice with corona virus disease of 2019. Lymphopenia dysregulated immune response were seen the critically ill patients IL-6 inhibitors proposed as treatment option this pandemic concept that it will reduce inflammation, infection organ failure. Tocilizumab, monoclonal antibody against soluble membrane IL‐6...

P2X(7) is a subtype of ATP-gated channels that is highly expressed in astrocytes, microglia, and other immune cells. Activation of P2X(7) purinoceptors by ATP or 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)-benzoyl ATP (BzATP) induces the formation of cytolytic pores and provokes release of interleukin-1beta from immune cells. We investigated the actions of other endogenous nucleotides on recombinant and microglial P2X(7)...

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mediate the development of numerous infl ammatory lung diseases. Since IL-1β is typically activated in situations where TNF-α is produced, it was hypothesized that IL-1β alters TNF-α–induced proinfl ammatory epithelial cell function by altering TNF receptor shedding and surface abundance. In this study, the impact of IL-1β on TNF-α–medi...

The activation ofT cells requires two sets of signals from cell surface receptors to the nucleus. The first signal is initiated when appropriately processed and presented foreign antigen interacts with the 90-kD polymorphic heterodimeric T-cell surface receptor for the specific antigen. Following the interaction of antigen presented in the context of products of the major histocompatibility loc...

Basophils are rare cells in the peripheral blood which have capability to infiltrate into skin. Invasion of basophils has been detected pruritic skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, chronic spontaneous urticaria and contact dermatitis. In skin, important players inflammatory immune response, as they release Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 IL-13, subsequently inducin...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune disease that characterized by inflammation of the synovial joints leading to cartilage and bone damage. The pathogenesis sustained production pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 IL-6, which can be targeted therapeutically alleviate severity. Several innate immune receptors are suggested contri...

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a key role in atopic diseases. It coordinates T-helper cell differentiation to subtype 2, thereby directing defense toward humoral immunity. Together with Interleukin-13, IL-4 further induces immunoglobulin class switch IgE. Antibodies of this type activate mast cells and basophilic eosinophilic granulocytes, which release pro-inflammatory mediators accounting for the...

Interleukins are low molecular weight proteins produced by leukocytes that bind to cell surface receptors and act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. These secreted factors modify the cell differentiation program (survival, proliferation, maturation, induction of or protection from apoptosis) of the target cells to which they bind. As such, interleukins impact on diverse biological proces...

discussions in comparison to the control of wy14643, sandoz58-035, c9 and t11-cla, epa increased the pparα mrna levels (p = 0.024, p = 0.041, p = 0.043, and p = 0.004, respectively), even though, la had no significant effect on the pparα mrna expression (p = 0.489). materials and methods this experimental study investigated the effects of c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11-cla). alpha li...