the future economy would be a network-centric economy. networks yield more meaning to the concept of perfect competition market. the successful presence in the network-centric economy requires identification and application of new technologies. in today’s competitive business environment, everything is continuously changing and the only thing remains intact is change. environment pressures forc...

The organizational form of franchising has been shown to yield higher profits and faster growth through reducing agency costs. Why then does anyone not franchise? In this paper I argue that the diffuse residual claims of the franchise system reduce overall system quality, and that this problem is inherent in the nature of franchising. The theory is tested by examining evidence from both the res...

Several distinctive, and initially puzzling features of Nikophon's law on silver coinage (Rhodes/Osborne 25) become clear in light of the Athenian state's attempt to drive down transaction costs in order to maintain Athenian public revenues and private profits in the post-imperial era. I suggest that the law was explicitly intended to even the playing field of trade by ensuring non-citizens acc...

The emissions trading program (ETP) is an effective means to fight environmental pollution. However, it may also spur the increase of enterprise costs, which affects employment and economic development. Adopting a difference-in-differences method exploiting China’s policy in 2007 as quasi-natural experiment, we investigate impact ETP on firms’ labor demand mechanism facilitating this effect. re...

Farm Business Road (JUT) is a road that usually known as an agricultural road, this one of the tools and types infrastructure needed in sector, especially supporting agribusiness activities. The application JUT strategies developing areas, can facilitate distribution products, lowland rice commodities. form adequate farming activities, such access for transportation very much to support effecti...

Southern Cone economies exhibit a high record of exchange rate volatility. In this context, firms tend to contract dollar debt, irrespective of their trade orientation, and without available hedging instruments. This exposes them to bankruptcy risk, in the event of large exchange rate movements. This paper provides a framework to analyze the output effect of exchange rate uncertainty in that co...

Recent literature has addressed how product creation amplifies economic fluctuations via the love of variety. Yet, empirical evidence on variety effects is sparse. The current paper demonstrates that decreasing returns in variety-level production technology, which leads to increasing marginal costs, similarly amplify business cycles. Product scope expansions reduce costs and firms have an incen...