In this work, two philosophical premises of science applied in the understanding diseases and planning drugs were studied. The first premise is reductionism. This idea present modern when a problem can be reduced to sum its individual parts. Diseases understood as metabolic action few enzymes. Drugs planned through mimicry specific enzymatic substrate. Biological molecules explained by quantum ...

We hold that the first three questions should be answered positively (with some qualifications to be outlined). Block and Stalnaker hold that the first three questions should be answered negatively. Their central strategy is to argue for a negative answer to the first question, and to use this conclusion to argue for a negative answer to the second and third questions. They argue that truths ab...

In these two chapters I sketch the basic principles of a dialectical materialist understanding of nature, and consider its implications for some of the key issues in the philosophy of sci-target of chapter 2 is reductionism, and the main target of chapter 3 is empiricism.

The policy and practice of the Youth Justice System of England and Wales has become dominated by risk-focused, offender-fi rst approaches underpinned by the deterministic, reductionist and psychosocially-biased risk factor prevention paradigm. Using the All Wales Youth Offending Strategy and the evaluation of the Welsh Assembly Government’s ‘Extending Entitlement’ youth inclusion strategy as it...

This paper discusses the mainstream discourse of chemistry and suggests a complementary discourse. On a disciplinary level, the discourse of chemistry is based on objectivism, rationalism, and molecular reductionism. On a societal level, the discourse is based on modernism. The aims of chemical research and education are often unclear, which nowadays often leads to an emphasis on the needs from...

Classical physics, anchored in materialist reductionism, offered adequate descriptions of everyday mechanics but ultimately proved insufficient for describing the mechanics of extremely high speeds or small sizes, and was supplemented nearly a century ago by quantum physics, which includes consciousness in its formulation. Materialist psychology, modeled on the reductionism of classical physics...

Tony Coady's book Testimony is about how we gain knowledge from other people, through learning from their spoken and written reports and other tellings. Several major philosophers, including John Locke, David Hume, Thomas Reid, and Bertrand Russell, have written more briefly on "testimony" in this broad sense (Coady's historical chapters provide us with helpful critical accounts of their views)...

Reductionism has served cell biologists well in the past decades, but systems biologists are now promising to broaden the picture. The challenge will be to provide not just the lists and quantitation but real mechanistic insights.