Abstract What is the role of referendums in different regimes from authoritarian electoral democracies to democratic systems? In this article we use Direct Democracy Integrity Index analyse Turkish (2017) and Italian (2020) understand if they can be seen as contributing majoritarianism or consensus democracy, depending on rules such who call a referendum integrity itself considering misuse inst...

This article contributes to the historical debate about two French referenda of 1992 and 2005, former on Maastricht Treaty (a feeble “yes”) latter Constitutional resounding “no”), by adding three further elements that passing time has revealed. First, new sources history European economic policies reveal role rise neoliberal policies, hence their major importance in second referendum. Second, p...