Cold passover and heated humidifiers are employed for the prevention of side-effects associated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. However, to date, it has not been possible to separately measure the humidity of inspired and expired air. The aim of this study was to compare the relative humidity of the inspired air and the water loss during respiration between cold passo...

on one hand, iran due to the low annual rainfall and lack of appropriate spatial and temporal distribution in precipitation is considered as an arid and semi-arid country experiencing stress and water scarcity; on the other hand, 90% of annual water consumption has been allocated to agriculture sector in iran and efficiency and productivity of water consumption do not enjoy favorable status in ...

to study the effect of salinity stress on some physiological attributes of four grape cultivars in vineyards of urmia in iran, an experiment was carried out as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications. experimental factors included: grape cultivars qazel ozum, qareh shireh, tabrzeh and dizmari, and salt concentrations 0, 25, 50 and 100 mmol l-1 and locati...

cmc polymer is used as an additive to decrease water loss and mud-cake-thickness in mud drilling. in this study, the effect of cmc and cmc nanoparticles on water loss and mud-cake-thickness in mud drilling is investigated. cmc nanoparticles are made by using of ball milling and their size is measured by particle size analyzer. cmc and cmc nanoparticles which were prepared by hamilton batch mixe...

The stratum corneum, the outer layer of the epidermis, consists of flattened cells embedded in a matrix of lipids, primarily cholesterol, free fatty acids, ceramides, and cerebrosides. The stratum corneum forms a barrier to water vapor diffusion through the skin. In birds, the skin limits excessive water loss at thermoneutral temperatures, but also serves as a vehicle for thermoregulation durin...

Terrestrial arthropods lose body water to the environment mainly through transpiration. The aim of this study was to determine the fraction of respiratory losses from total transpiratory water loss in scorpions, as relatively high respiratory losses would indicate a fitness benefit from regulation of gas-exchange rate under stressful desiccating conditions. We measured metabolic rates and water...

Environmental temperatures that exceed body temperature (Tb) force endothermic animals to rely solely on evaporative cooling to dissipate heat. However, evaporative heat dissipation can be drastically reduced by environmental humidity, imposing a thermoregulatory challenge. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of humidity on the thermoregulation of desert birds and to compare t...