Six patients with chronic renal failure (CRF group) and four healthy subjects (HS group) were given 5 mg oral and intravenous doses of bumetanide in a random, crossover design. The CRF group had significantly lower plasma and renal clearances, resulting in a five-to sixfold reduction in the fractional urinary excretion of the drug. The percent free drug in plasma for the CRF group was more than...

Topotecan is primarily eliminated by the kidneys, with 60 to 70% of the dose recovered as topotecan total in the urine. To elucidate the mechanisms of topotecan renal clearance, we evaluated the effect of probenecid on topotecan renal and systemic disposition in mice. Topotecan lactone or hydroxy acid (1.25 mg/kg i.v.) was administered alone or in combination with probenecid (600 or 1,200 mg/kg...

I. Clearance Methods:The concept of renal clearance was introduced as a way of expressing the relation between the excretion per unit time and the concentration in the plasma which is obviously an index of kidneys ability to clear the blood of any substance (1). Measurements of GFR are traditionally based on the renal clearance of a marker in plasma, expressed as the volume of plasma completely...

Stevia rebaudiana, a South American plant normally used as a natural herbal sweetener, has been suggested as exerting beneficial effects on human health, including as an antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic. The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the renal excretion of steviol, the aglycone of several natural products extracted from the leaves of S. rebaudiana, and to clarify the a...

BACKGROUND Appropriate antibacterial therapy is important to maximize patient survival in sepsis. Acute renal failure complicates optimal antibiotic administration. METHODS MEDLINE search from 1986 to 2010 using the terms 'acute renal failure', 'pharmacokinetics', 'clearance', 'dosage', 'h(a)emofiltration', 'h(a)emodialysis', 'h(a)emodiafiltration', 'continuous renal replacement therapy', 'an...

The selective vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist tolvaptan is eliminated almost exclusively by non-renal mechanisms. As renal impairment can influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs even when eliminated by non-renal mechanisms, we evaluated the effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of tolvaptan. Thirty-seven patients were grouped by a 24-h creatinine clearance (C...

The pharmacokinetics of meropenem (ICI 194,660) and its open-ring metabolite (ICI 213,689) were studied in 6 healthy volunteers and 16 patients with moderate to severe renal impairment after a single intravenous dose of 500 mg given as a 30-min infusion. Concentrations of unchanged meropenem in plasma and urine were measured by both microbiological and high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC...

Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes and the main cause of end-stage renal disease. Various herbs have been used to control diabetes complications. This study aimed at investigating the effect of Citrullus colocynthis pulp on diabetes-induced renal damage in male rats. ...

The renal effects of therapeutic doses of sulindac were studied in nine patients with stable renal insufficiency, mean creatinine clearance 37.0 +/- 2.2 ml min-1 1.73 m-2 (range 24.7-54.6 ml min-1 1.73 m-2). Nine days' treatment with sulindac produced a small, but significant, reduction in the mean creatinine clearance (37.0 +/- 2.2 to 34.7 +/- 2.2 ml min-1 1.73 m-2; P less than 0.02) and 99mTc...

Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics have been shown to be modified in patients with renal failure (e.g., the intestinal secretion of ciprofloxacin is increased). This study investigated the influence of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin following oral and parenteral administration to rats of a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight. After parenteral administration, only renal clearance...