Routine actions are commonly assumed to be controlled by hierarchically organized processes and representations. In the domain of typing theories, word-level information is assumed to activate the constituent keystrokes required to type each letter in a word. We tested this assumption directly using a novel single-letter probe technique. Subjects were primed with a visual or auditory word or a ...

Objective: Verbal fluency is a cognitive function that can be easily assessed in bedside and provide useful data for clinical assessment of a variety of cognitive functions. We decided to provide a standardized test for the assessment of verbal fluency in Persian language, including both phonemic and semantic fluency subtests.  Method: First, three letters (P, D, and Sh) and three categories (...

introduction: replacement of esophagus can be accomplished using different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, in various positions and in single and multiple stages. the aim of this study is to present the results of gastric tube interposition in children with congenital esophageal anomalies and severe acquired esophageal stricture.   material and methods: this series describes 22 patients wh...

The key step in reading is to recognize the word by combining visually acquired letter information with prior knowledge of the possible words, as determined by narrative context and vocabulary. How are these two kinds of information combined to identify a word? The purpose of this project was to determine the effect that vocabulary size has on word identification. Vocabularies of 4, 26 and 1708...

OBJECTIVE We explored the constituents of the graphemic buffer in a patient with acquired dysgraphia and tested the hypothesis that the graphemic buffer is composed of 2 dissociable components: letter selection and letter assembly. BACKGROUND Research on dysgraphia has established the graphemic buffer as a component of the spelling mechanism, and the buffer is considered a short-term memory s...

In synesthesia, stimulation of one sensory modality leads to a percept in another nonstimulated modality, for example, graphemes trigger an additional color percept in grapheme-color synesthesia, which encompasses the variants letter-color and digit-color synesthesia. Until recently, it was assumed that synesthesia occurs strictly unidirectional: Although the perception of a letter induces a co...

BACKGROUND Characteristics associated with the response to a personalized, mailed invitation for the Papanicolaou (Pap) test vary among women. This study assesses the relationship between selected characteristics (e.g., demographic, obstetric, Pap history) and the response to a letter of invitation to undergo a Pap test among Mexican women affiliated with the Mexican Social Security Institute (...

critical discourse analysis has proved to be of great help in analyzing the form and meaning of literary works. certain scholars such as norman fairclough have greatly improved such studies. the present study deals with one of the political letters of mas'ud i of ghazni to arsalan khan written by his secretary abul-fazl bayhaqi. the complete version of the letter has been recorded in bayhaqi’s ...