Background In the leuphotrochozoan parasitic platyhelminth Schistosoma mansoni, male individuals are homogametic (ZZ) whereas females are heterogametic (ZW). To elucidate the mechanisms that led to the emergence of sex chromosomes we compared the genomic sequence and the chromatin structure of male and female individuals. As for many eukaryotes, the lower estimate for the repeat content is 40%,...

Regulation and maximization of lipase production in a mutant derivative of R. oligosporus has been investigated using different substrates, inoculum sizes, pH of the medium, temperature, and nitrogen sources in shake flask experiments and batch fermentation in a fermentor. The production of intracellular lipase was improved 3 times following medium optimization involving one-at-a-time approach ...

Independently controlled, inducible, catabolic genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are subject to strong catabolite repression control by intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mutants which exhibited a pleiotropic loss of catabolite repression control of multiple pathways were isolated. The mutations mapped in the li-min region of the P. aeruginosa chromosome near argB and pyrE and were de...

This paper tests the validity of the claim that inequality leads to political instability, as well as several other hypotheses about the tolerance for inequality. Using data from the Social Conflict in Africa Database, I examine macro-level implications of micro-level theories about grievances and collective action, complementing earlier research on the individual-level correlates of protest pa...

This study delves into the critical issue of repression Afghan women as mentioned in Khalid Hosseini's novel "A Thousand Splendid Suns.” It aims to ensure that by putting perspective women's experiences a particular combination historical, political, cultural factors. Considering this book, research argues circumstances violence and war Afghanistan during an important phase its history exacerba...

Interdisciplinary approaches have expanded the research space of history political repression 1920–1950s. The surge interest in documents personal origin historiography post-Soviet led to an appeal ego-documents — letters from victims repression. study is based on archival and investigative materials Special State Archive Ministry Internal Affairs Republic Kazakhstan. Introduction narrative sou...

Transcription factors of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB/Rel family translocate into the nucleus upon degradation of the IkappaBs. Postinduction repression of NF-kappaB activity depends on NF-kappaB-regulated resynthesis of IkappaBalpha, which dissociates NF-kappaB from DNA and exports it to the cytosol. We found that after activation, p65/RelA is degraded by the proteasome in the nucleus and in...

The anteroposterior patterning of the embryonic gut represents one of the most intriguing biological processes in development. A dynamic control of gene transcription regulation and cell movement is perfectly orchestrated to shape a functional gut in distinct specialized parts. Two ParaHox genes, Xlox and Cdx, play key roles in vertebrate and sea urchingut patterning throughmolecularmechanismst...

A critical review of the phenomenon of resistance to catabolite repression of enzyme synthesis by solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been made. The practical and theoretical importance of such phenomenon is commented, together with the current ideas to explain it. Namely, the possible existence of microscopic gradients within the mass of cell aggregates, or the changes in cell permeability to s...