Symbioses have shaped the evolution of life, most notably through the fixation of heritable symbionts into organelles. The inheritance of symbionts promotes mutualism and fixation by coupling partner fitness. However, conflicts arise if symbionts are transmitted through only one sex and can shift host resources toward the sex through which they propagate. Such reproductive manipulators have bee...

in the present paper, resonant frequencies and modes of a three-atom photonic molecule and a photonic crystal placed within a cavity are numerically calculated. first, governing formulation in transverse electric field mode (te) is obtained using maxwell equations. then, an algorithm based on a finite difference scheme and matrix algebra is presented. the algorithm is then implemented in a comp...

Reinforcement is an increase in premating reproductive isolation between taxa resulting from selection against hybrids. We present a model of reinforcement with a novel type of selection on female mating behavior. Previous models of reinforcement have focused on the divergence of female mating preferences between nascent species. We suggest that an increase in the level of female mating discrim...

Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability during a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance, but it is also a study of probability. Most eukaryotic organisms are diploid, meaning that each cell contains two copies of every chromosome, so there are two copies of each gene that controls a trait (alleles). In sexual reproduction, these two...

It is generally known that the teaching of Catholic Moral Theology before Vatican II focused especially on the aim of the marriage. It emphasized the three aims which St Augustine pointed out: proles, fides, sacramentum. Love seemed to be secondary because children were seen as the highest good of the sacred bond between wife and husband. From this viewpoint the Constitution Gaudium et spes of ...

An experimental manipulation of germination timing was conducted to test whether germination timing influences the phenotypic expression of postgermination lifehistory characteristics and whether it alters natural selection on those characters. Seeds collected from five natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana in Kentucky were forced to germinate in early November, early December, and early ...