It is shown that if L and D are the Laplacian matrix and the distance matrix of a tree respectively, then any minor of the Laplacian equals the sum of the cofactors of the complementary submatrix of D, upto a sign and a power of 2. An analogous, more general result is proved for the Laplacian and the resistance matrix of any graph. A similar identity is proved for graphs in which each block is ...

In distance-bounding protocols, verifiers use a clock to measure the time elapsed in challenge-response rounds, thus upper-bounding their distance to the prover. This should prevent man-in-the-middle (MITM) relay attacks. Distance-bounding protocols may aim to prevent several attacks, amongst which terrorist fraud, where a dishonest prover helps the adversary to authenticate, but without passin...

There have lately been several suggestions for parametrized distances on a graph that generalize the shortest path distance and the commute time or resistance distance. The need for developing such distances has risen from the observation that the above-mentioned common distances in many situations fail to take into account the global structure of the graph. In this article, we develop the theo...

Traditional electromechanical distance relays used for protection of transmission lines are prone to effects of fault resistance. Each fault condition corresponds to a particular pattern. So use of a pattern recognizer can improve the relay performance. This paper presents a new approach, known as artificial neural network (ANN) to overcome the effect of fault resistance on relay mal-operation....

The resistance distance between any two vertices of a connected graph is defined as the effective resistance between them in the electrical network constructed from the graph by replacing each edge with a (unit) resistor. The Kirchhoff index Kf(G) is the sum of resistance distances between all pairs of vertices in G. For a graph G, let R(G) be the graph obtained from G by adding a new vertex co...

Connectivity is increasingly of conservation concern due to ongoing habitat fragmentation, land-use dynamics and climate change. Connectivity patterns result from interactions between dispersers and the environment. However, connectivity assessments often ignore responses of dispersers to matrix types or characterize matrix resistance using habitat-use, rather than movement, data. We compare co...

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) are economically important viral pathogens of wheat. Wheat cvs. Mace, carrying the Wsm1 gene, is resistant to WSMV and TriMV, and Snowmass, with Wsm2, is resistant to WSMV. Viral resistance in both cultivars is temperature sensitive and is effective at 18°C or below but not at higher temperatures. The underlying mechanisms of vi...

During systemic infections, viruses move long distances through the plant vascular system. The long-distance movement of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) in Arabidopsis has been examined using a whole plant in situ hybridization technique called plant skeleton hybridization. CaMV moves long distance through the phloem largely following the flow of photoassimilates from source to sink leaves. Dur...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is a neurological disease with a variety of signs and symptoms. exercise therapy has been shown to improve physical functions in ms. however, questions about an optimal exercise therapy remain. in this regard, we suggest a combined exercise therapy including aerobic and resistance exercises for ms patients. the study is designed to observe, test and compare t...

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism in plants that confers enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogens. SAR is activated in the uninfected systemic (distal) organs in response to a prior (primary) infection elsewhere in the plant. SAR is associated with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) signaling and the priming of defense responses for robust activat...