In prosthetics, as in many other fields, plastic materials were quickly adopted as soon as their usefulness was recognized, not just as a substitute for other materials, but also as a supplement in places where no other material would function as well. The plastics industry is comparatively young; not much headway was made until the start of World War II. Since then giant strides were made with...

Loss of sagittal alignment and balance in adult spinal deformity can cause severe pain, disability and progressive neurological deficit. When conservative treatment has failed, spinal fusion using rigid instrumentation is currently the salvage treatment to stop further curve progression. However, fusion surgery is associated with high revision rates due to instrumentation failure and proximal j...

Abstract Rigid pavement consists of three main layers, the base, sub-base and subgrade. Engineers mainly prefered choosing rigid for heavy load road construction because concrete mixture in this type has advantages terms strength, durability design life. However, also several disadvantages: relatively high maintenance costs. As time goes by, researchers have developed modified mixtures; one the...