When dissimilar stimuli are presented to each eye, perception alternates between both images--a phenomenon known as binocular rivalry. It has been shown that stimuli presented in proximity of rival targets modulate the time each target is perceptually dominant. For example, presenting motion to the region surrounding the rival targets decreases the predominance of the same-direction target. Her...

In the literature, the Rival Penalized Competitive Learning (RPCL) algorithm (Xu et al. 1993) and its variants perform clustering analysis well without knowing the cluster number. However, such a penalization scheme is heuristically proposed without any theoretical guidance. In this paper, we propose a general penalized competitive learning approach named Expectation-MiniMax (EMM) Learning that...

Males are generally expected to be discriminating in their choice of mates when females vary in quality and when under sperm competition from rival males. However, how sperm competition and female quality interact to influence male mating decisions remains poorly understood. Here, we explored the concurrent effects of sperm competition and female body length on male mating decisions in the Trin...

Algorithmic collusion is an emerging concept. Whether algorithmic collusion is a creditable threat remains as an argument. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which can extort its human rival to collude in a Cournot duopoly competing market. In experiments, we show that, the algorithm can successfully extort its human rival and gets higher profit in long-run, meanwhile the human rival will f...

This paper explores the role of local structural conditions that facilitate or hinder violence when enmity is present between parties. This is illustrated by examining violence among street gangs. Using structural balance theory, the current research investigates whether certain triadic structures in which two rival gangs i and j are related to a third gang with either an ally or rival relation...

This paper proposes a procedure to incorporate the conjectural variation approach in Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) analysis such that the strategic interaction among rival firms in international markets can be modelled. It shows how to calibrate the conjectured reactions of rival domestic and foreign firms. It also shows that the approach suggested by Harrison, Rutherford and Tarr (hence...

In our society, partner choice is often reciprocal and, therefore, compromising one's choice may be adaptive depending on one's own market price. To reveal the neural mechanisms underlying this adaptive process, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed on 27 male subjects during virtual partner choice tasks involving a dance-partner choice or a part-time job choice. Following ...

We study equity in economies where a set of agents commonly own a technology producing a non-rival good from their private contributions. A social ordering function associates to each economy a complete ranking of the allocations. We build social ordering functions satisfying the property that individual welfare levels exceeding a legitimate upper bound should be reduced. Combining that propert...

Asymptotic inference on nonstationary fractional time series models, including cointegrated ones, is proceeding along two routes, determined by alternative definitions of nonstationary processes. We derive bounds for the mean squared error of the difference between (possibly tapered) discrete Fourier transforms under the two regimes. We apply the results to deduce limit theory for estimates of ...

ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS AGO, IN August 1857, Louis Pasteur gave a lecture to the Société des Sciences de Lille entitled ‘Lactate fermentation’, published soon after as a Mémoire. The title may sound unexciting, but this historic paper marked Pasteur’s first statement of a germ theory and a specific role for microorganisms in metabolic processes. Pasteur was then 34 and professor of chemistr...