in order to reduce wear in gudgeon pin, bush and piston boss lubrication is done. oil used in national engine species was 10w40 with dynamic viscosity 5.5 mpa.s at 140 °c (the working temperature). in order to complete investigation the oil film hydrodynamics analysis in small end of connecting rod, a real full model engine with four cylinders has been simulated by avl excite5.1 software. in th...

The first-step drawing process of the platinum-clad nickel composite bar was numerically simulated using DEFORM 3D finite element analysis software. Taguchi method used to study effect parameters (the semi-angle die α, friction coefficient between platinum tube and μ1, rod μ2 outer diameter original D) on effective stress bar. Then, optimal combination (D = 7.55 mm, μ1 0.2, 0.3, α 3°) obtained....

In Salmonella, the rod substructure of the flagellum is a periplasmic driveshaft that couples the torque generated by the basal body motor to the extracellular hook and filament. The rod subunits self-assemble, spanning the periplasmic space and stopping at the outer membrane when a mature length of ~22 nm is reached. Assembly of the extracellular hook and filament follow rod completion. Hook i...

This study investigates the time-course and post-receptoral pathway signaling of photoreceptor interactions when the rod (R) and three cone (L, M, S) photoreceptor classes contribute to mesopic vision. A four-primary photostimulator independently controls photoreceptor activity in human observers. The first experiment defines the temporal adaptation response of receptoral (L-, S-cone, rod) and ...

In this paper, we offer an overview of a number results on the static rigidity and infinitesimal discrete structures which are embedded in projective geometric reasoning, representations, transformations. Part I considers fundamental case bar–joint framework d-space places particular emphasis invariance rigidity, coning between dimensions, transfer to spherical metric, slide joints pure conditi...

  Steel market and particularly rod bar market play important roles in economy of countries. Economic systems are considered as complex systems which are sophisticated to be modeled mathematically. One way to model these systems is simulation and use of system dynamics. This paper models rod bar supply chain in Iran using system dynamics. Data of this research is gathered from first hand materi...

We show that each quadrangulation on n vertices has a closed rectangle of influence drawing on the (n − 2) × (n − 2) grid. Further, we present a simple algorithm to obtain a straight-line drawing of a quadrangulation on the ⌈ n 2 ⌉ × ⌈ 3n 4 ⌉ grid. This is not optimal but has the advantage over other existing algorithms that it is not needed to add edges to the quadrangulation to make it 4-conn...

The Machine Drawing Understanding System (MDUS) is an experimental CAD conversion system aimed at realizing the entire process of understanding mechanical engineering drawings, from scanning to three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction. This paper describes the structure, algorithms and current performance of MDUS. The modular structure of the system provides for further improvements and makes it ...