We strive to overcome impunity for international crimes and serious violations of human rights. Our reasons may include a vision of justice and perhaps a hope for deterrence. Notwithstanding our aspiration to establish a regime of accountability, impunity remains a recurrent pattern. Where an effort at accountability is undertaken at all, it consistently is approached through a second-best alte...

Many commercial and financial activities in the real-life require reliable mechansisms to provide accountability for the transactions that has been executed. If electronic commerce aim to substitute or support similar activities in the electronic world, it has to provide the same degree of accountability. Despite this requirement is crucial, we observe that many existing security mechanisms and...

An important concern for P2P developers is accountability. The few sources on P2P accountability define the term as a mechanism that makes the users accountable for their activity in the network. This general definition requires some refining to render it useful in the development of a P2P implementation. By ‘accountability’ we denote three general functions for the system. One is the system ab...

As the Internet has gained widespread use, and advanced technologies such as high-speed multi-media technologies and automated digital monitoring have become a reality, privacy is at the greatest risk of all time. At the same time, sophisticated threats from hackers, terrorists, thieves, and others that would abuse privacy highlight the need to nd technologies that provide some accountability. ...

The article explores how spaces aimed at improving accountability in health systems are socially produced. It addresses the implications of an initiative to promote patient involvement in government-funded research in the context of a large cancer research network in England. We employ a socio-spatial theoretical framework inspired by insights from Henri Lefebvre and Judith Butler to examine ho...

This article examines whetherperformance-driven educational accountability policy enhances or hinders equity. Combining data from state policy surveys, F-33, SASS, and NAEP, the article shows that during the 1990s, the states did not address racial and socioeconomic disparities in school resources and failed to narrow the achievement gaps among racial and socioeconomic groups. The distributions...

introduction: clearly, there are some challenges and difficulties in fulfilling social accountability which should be identified and dealt with in order to reach the ultimate goal. the main objective of this study was to identify the challenges associated with social accountability. methods: in this qualitative study, focus groups and in-depth semi-structured interview were used to obtain the o...

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Using an 11-year panel data set containing information on revenues, expenditures, and demographics for every school district in the United States, we examine the effects of state-adopted school accountability systems on the adequacy and equity of school resources. We find little relationship between state implementation of accountability systems and changes in school finance equity, though we d...

Systems that are used to process or handle classified or sensitive information must assure individual accountability whenever either a mandatory or discretionary security policy is invoked. Furthermore, to assure accountability the capability must exist for an authorized and competent agent to access and evaluate accountability information by a secure means, within a reasonable amount of time a...