Chronic infection with the blood fluke, Schistosoma haematobium, is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Previously, it has been shown that soluble extracts of mixed sex adult S. haematobium worms (SWAP) are tumourigenic, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, oestrogen-related molecules in SWAP of S. haematobium down-regulate oestrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and beta in oest...

Sixteen high-resolution marine aerosol (Na, SO4 ) records from spatially distributed International Trans Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE) ice cores spanning the last ~200 years from the Pine Island-Thwaites and Ross drainage systems and the South Pole are used to examine sources (sea spray and frost flowers) and transport pathways of marine aerosols into West Antarctica. Factors contribu...

Sea spray aerosol (SSA) formation plays a major role in the climate system. The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is affected by greatest warming occurring Southern Ocean; changes cryospheric and biological processes are being observed. Whilst there some evidence that organic material produced ice algae and/or phytoplankton high Arctic contributes to SSA, less known about (sympagic) regions. To gain ins...

The United States has a growing interest in navigating the arctic waters Greenert [6]. The realities of global warming are manifesting in more navigable waters in the arctic, creating growing concerns of national security and increased interest in the economic potential of the arctic. As such, ensuring safe sea travel for vessels in harsh arctic conditions is now a primary concern. In order to ...

The prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity has been a lasting challenge. Numerical models often underestimate the strong TCs. Accurately describing air–sea heat flux is essential for improving simulation It widely accepted that sea spray nonnegligible effect on transfer between atmosphere and ocean. However, commonly used spray-induced algorithms have poor applicability under high wind s...

This paper presents part of the work done within the project ‘Advanced Numerical Simulation and Performance Evaluation of WAM-V ® in Spray Generating Conditions’ developed by the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) under Navy Grant N62909-121-7101 issued by the Office of Naval Research Global. One of the primary goals of that project was the development of a comput...

There are growing concerns about Lead is the heaviest of the non-radioactive metals (atomic number 82; atomic weight 207) that naturally occur in substantial quantities in the earth’s surface. Lead is present in all soils, rivers, lakes, and seawater. Despite its weight, lead is also in the air, a component of dust and of sea spray. Lead is present in the proportion of 16 parts per million (ppm...

NatuRose algae meal is safe natural source of astaxanthin derived from a unique strain of the microalgae, Haematococcus pluvialis. The majority of the NatuRose carotenoid fraction is astaxanthin, with about 15% of the remaining fraction consisting of canthaxanthin, lutein and beta-carotene. NatuRose is spray dried and formulated into a fine dark red powder and is currently used worldwide as a c...

Hydrogen ions in precipitation are correlated much more closely with sulfate than with nitrate, whereas ammonium ions are correlated more closely with nitrate than with sulfate. Target loadings of 14 to 16 kilograms of wet sulfate deposition per hectare per year, instead of 20 as suggested hitherto, are probably necessary to produce average pH values of 4.6 to 4.7, the approximate boundary leve...

Oceans emit ice-nucleating particles (INPs) which freeze supercooled cloud droplets, modifying clouds. We added dead biomass of three phytoplankton to seawater. Each time, this stimulated INP production in the water and emissions sea spray.