Ethernet has evolved from a local area to a wide area network technology. When it is used in a service provider environment, it has more complex requirements, which demand a set of management techniques for the Ethernet layer. Ethernet OAM comprises a set of management techniques for Carrier (or Metropolitan) Ethernet networks. Carrier Ethernet devices often have IP connectivity for management ...

We consider the problem of designing hierarchical two layer ring networks. The top layer consists of a federal-ring which establishes connection between a number of node disjoint metro-rings in a bottom layer. The objective is to minimize the costs of links in the network, taking both the fixed link establishment costs and the link capacity costs into account. Hierarchical ring network design p...

P ublic transportation and fixed route transit systems in particular play an important role in the movement of residents within an urban area. In the Halifax-Dartmouth (Nova Scotia, Canada) area (population 252,000), public transit is operated on a regional basis by the Metropolitan Transit Commission (MTC) under the direction of its board of directors and the Metropolitan Authority. Establishe...

These global economic trends tend to favor large metropolitan areas. For reasons of industrial clustering, human capital, and financial resources, metro areas have captured most of the jobs in the new economy. Between 1978 and 1997 employment in metro areas in the South increased by 63.7% while employment in nonmetro areas grew by only 28.9%. And in many nonmetro counties lower-paying jobs in s...

Banks in non-metropolitan areas compete in a spatially differentiated environment. Non-metro community banks have been insulated from increasing competition from metro banks due to their reliance on soft information in relationship lending. Proximity to borrowers, therefore, may be an important source of market power for non-metro community banks. This paper estimates a structural model of the ...

Metro accessibility has attracted interest in sustainable transport analyses. Hence, the accuracy of metro-accessibility measures have become increasingly vital. Various spatiotemporal factors, including by-metro accessibility, land-use and to-metro affect metro accessibility; however, measuring while considering all these components simultaneously is challenging. By integrating factors into a ...

This social science case study examines the sex trafficking of women and girls in Metro Manila through a public health lens. Through key informant interviews with 51 health care and anti-trafficking stakeholders in Metro Manila, this study reports on observations about sex trafficking in Metro Manila that provide insight into understanding of risk factors for sex trafficking at multiple levels ...

We present Tidebanan (Time Way), an interactive visualization of the history of the metro system of Stockholm from 1949 to 2014 that includes a projection to 2025. The analytics tool visually correlates the growth of the metro system with the changing demographic density of Stockholm. Interestingly, we discover patterns of density decrease in central Stockholm as new metro lines open, in partic...