In this paper, we present a methodology for interpreting faults from three dimensional seismic data. Faults are individual fractures across which there are visible offsets of horizons (or rock layers). 3D seismic data images of subsurface structure generated by reflecting seismic waves off rock layers have been used for hypothesizing subsurface structures. Since interpretation of seismic data i...

The primary objective of the work-in-progress reported here is to compare near-surface imaging results using ultra-shallow (upper 3 m) seismic-reflection techniques and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) at an alluvial site near Great Bend, Kansas. Although various seismic and GPR surveys have been used for near-surface imaging, little i s known about how the two techniques might work in concert fo...

S U M M A R Y We propose a new, simple and efficient method to image electrical resistivity between a set of wells. Our procedure consists of two steps: first, we map the interfaces between various subsurface formations using seismoelectric conversions; second, we derive the formation resistivity using image-guided cross-well electric tomography. In the first step, we focus seismic energy at a ...

Introduction: Acceptance test is a necessary procedure after SPECT system installation. The goal of this test is to reveal system's present condition, to compare it with manufacturer's specifications and also as a base for later tests. Methods: This study investigated four SPECT systems in Tehran. All of the quality control tests are performed on the basis of NEMA and IAEA recommendations...

We review the resolution currently available with seismic tomography, in particular the ability of seismic waves to image mantle plumes, and discuss frequently asked questions about artifacts, interpretation and possible systematic errors. These aspects are discussed in more detail for two case histories offering different problems in the tomographic interpretation: Iceland and Hawaii. Regional...

In recent years, there has been an increase in the deployment of relatively dense arrays of seismic stations. The availability of spatially densely sampled global and regional seismic data has stimulated the adoption of industry-style imaging algorithms applied to convertedand scattered-wave energy from distant earthquakes, leading to relatively high-resolution images of the lower crust and upp...

refractor ambiguities are big problem in seismic refraction method especially in seismic engineering. there can be hidden subsurface geological phenomena such as hidden faults and shear zones which are not simply predicted by the travel-time graph or some geophysical methods. head wave amplitudes are used to show the resolution of refractor ambiguities and the existence of anisotropy in complex...

Seismic mapping of subsurface faults is hampered by factors such as seismic resolution, velocity control for depth conversion and human bias. Here, we explore the challenges pitfalls related to interpreting normal comparing objective subjective uncertainties. A panel 20 interpreters, with different geoscientific backgrounds, interpreted in modern conventional (dominant frequency 40 Hz) high-res...

Processes within the lowest several hundred kilometers of Earth's rocky mantle play a critical role in the evolution of the planet. Understanding Earth's lower mantle requires putting recent seismic and mineral physics discoveries into a self-consistent, geodynamically feasible context. Two nearly antipodal large low-shear-velocity provinces in the deep mantle likely represent chemically distin...