Most approaches to the problem of source separation use the assumption of statistical independence. To capture statistical independence higher order statistics are required. In this chapter we will demonstrate how higher order criteria, such as maximum kurtosis, arise naturally from the property of non-stationarity. We will also show that source separation of non-stationary signals can be based...

Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies: Which One is Best? With the exception of the United States, where a system of separation of executive and legislative powers exists, all countries that are considered to be stable democracies adopt a constitution that is, at least partially, parliamentary. A parliamentary constitution is characterized by the fusion of executive and legislative powers,...

What limits do judges have when creating specialty courts such as Veterans Treatment Courts (“VTCs”)? Many states have virtually no limits. I argue that states should enact legislation authorizing the creation of VTCs to maintain democratic legitimacy and ensure that the judiciary respects the separation of powers doctrine. VTCs represent an innovative and courageous approach to treat and rehab...

judges should not be regarded as mere speakers of and tools in the hands of the legislature. they are as actors animating the laws enacted. the judges’ acting can be justified on three grounds: limitations of law-making, including lack of expertise in and inattention of, the being expedient of, and purposeful acts of legislature, being societies in transition, and impossibility of anticipating ...

the right to terminate and dissolution of administrative contracts is used because of two reasons: misconducts of contractors and maintaining the requisite of public interests. in the first, the causes of it have been noted explicitly in the article of 46 of the general terms of contracts. but about the second, it is necessary to note that the article of 48 of the general terms of contracts giv...