313 personal effort as well as personal desire must be active if an effective program is to develop. A case is made to the end that effort be directed to improve health during the latter half of the lifespan of the individual and not to continue focusing all attention on childhood and adolescence. The author urges us to reconsider policy in connection with a constructive medical program, to rec...

The biological differences between males and females are determined by a different set of genes and by a different reactivity to environmental stimuli, including the diet, in general. These differences are further emphasized and driven by the exposure to a different hormone flux throughout the life. These differences have not been taken into appropriate consideration by the scientific community...

Hormone replacement after menopause has in recent years been the subject of intense scientific debate and public interest and has sparked intense research efforts into the biological effects of estrogens and progestagens. However, there are reasons to believe that the doses used and plasma concentrations produced in a large number of studies casts doubt on important aspects of their validity. T...

The impact of sex steroids on the cardiovascular system is of considerable importance and a potential area for therapeutic intervention. In general, animal and human studies of the vascular effects of sex hormones have suggested that oestrogen is beneficial, certain progestins may negate these effects and androgens may be potentially deleterious. In this issue of Clinical Science, Tejera et al....

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancy in the world and it usually occurs in individuals with chronic liver disease. The neoplasm is predominant in the male gender, where it is characterized also by a worst prognosis than in females. The pathogenesis of HCC is obscure. Because of its striking male predominance, androgens have been investigated as potential factors a...

introduction: sex differences are observed in the development of tolerance to antinociceptive effect of opioid drugs such as morphine, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. critical role of glutamate in the development and maintenance of opioid tolerance has been reported by many investigators. there are also evidences about interaction between gonadal hormones and neuromodulatory syste...

The liver is morphologically and functionally modulated by sex hormones. Long-term use of oral contraceptives and androgenic steroids can induce benign and malignant hepatocellular tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is more prevalent in men than in women. The role of sex hormones and their receptors in the development of HCC was reviewed. Some HCCs may be androgen dependent but others may b...

We correlate competitive bidding and profits in symmetric independent private value first-price auctions with salivary testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol in more than 200 subjects. Females bid significantly higher and earn significantly lower profits than males. Moreover, females on hormonal contraceptives bid significantly higher and earn significantly lower profits than males...

Epidemiological and experimental data suggest the association of gender and sex with susceptibility and severity of infectious diseases (Moss, 2005). Gender and sex likely affect viral and parasitic infectious diseases (Morales-Montor et al., 2004; Fish, 2008; Snider et al., 2009). Here we will review the effect of gender and sex on bacterial infectious diseases (sepsis, mycobacterial diseases ...