The penetration of solar erythemal ultraviolet radiation has been measured in the shade of a gum (Eucalyptus sp.) and a she oak (Casaurina) tree, both on a horizontal plane and with polysulphone dosimeters to human anatomical sites. This has provided new data useful for protection strategies against harmful ultraviolet radiation. For larger solar zenith angles, the relative penetration of solar...

Ecological and temporal factors can influence animal foraging patterns and may obscure our understanding of how native and exotic species interact. To understand how such factors affect foraging, the visitation of native and exotic bees and wasps was observed at nectar feeders within Mexican agroforestry systems, while documenting (1) vegetation management (low-shade vs. high-shade coffee), (2)...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lobed leaves are considered selectively advantageous in conditions of high irradiance. However, most studies have involved woody species, with only a few considering the role of leaf lobation in herbaceous rosette species. In this study, it is hypothesized that, in addition to its adaptive value in high light, leaf lobation may add to the function of petioles as vertical spa...

Coffee farms are often embedded within a mosaic of agriculture and forest fragments in the world's most biologically diverse tropical regions. Although shade coffee farms can potentially support native pollinator communities, the degree to which these pollinators facilitate gene flow for native trees is unknown. We examined the role of native bees as vectors of gene flow for a reproductively sp...

Visuelle und elektronische Farbbestimmung im Rahmen der Farbangleichung [1] Berns RS: Billmeyer and Saltzmans principles of color technology. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley (2000). coverage esthetic score after treatment of gingival recession: an interrater agreement multicenter study. AJ: Estimating costs for shade matching and shade corrections of fixed partial dentures for dental technicians in Ger...

effects of different mulches and saran shading on yield and quality of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum cv. early urbana vf) were studied at ilam university, ilam, iran in 2009. the research work was carried out using a 4×4 split plot experimental arrangment through a completely randomized block design (crbd) of three replications, where shading levels of 0%: no shading; 40%: white; 55%: double-...

The spectral shade ratios defined as the ratios of the spectral irradiances on horizontal and sun normal planes in the tree shade to those on a horizontal plane in sunlight were calculated. These planes were in the shade of an isolated medium canopy density tree and a sparse canopy density tree at the tree shade sites of the centre, edge and trunk. The sun normal plane was employed as there are...