introduction: the role of ovarian hormones and nitric oxide (no) on oxidative damage in brain tissues as well as learning and memory has been widely investigated.the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the precursor of no, l-arginine on learning and brain damage due to oxidative stress in ovariectomized (ovx) rats.methods: thirty -two rats were divided into four groups: 1) s...

Testing the therapeutic potential of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in controlled trials requires a valid sham condition. Sham TMS is typically administered by tilting the coil 45--90 degrees off the scalp, with one or two wings of the coil touching the scalp. Lack of cortical effects has not been verified. We compared sham manipulations in their thresholds for eliciting motor-evoked p...

This paper is concerned with the existence of positive solutions for a class of quasilinear singular elliptic systems with Dirichlet boundary condition. By studying the competition between theCaffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg exponents, the sign-changing potentials and the nonlinear terms, we establish an interval on the range of multiple parameters over which solutions exist in an appropriate weighted...

Formulas governing fixed orbital hardnesses and their relation to the hardness kernel are derived. It is shown how the orbital hardness matrix and its inverse matrix, the orbital softness matrix, may thus be directly calculated, and then the total chemical hardness, softness, and electronegativity of a molecular species. These quantities are calculated for the molecule HCN, using Dirac exchange...

To address the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic kidney disease with comorbid cardiac dysfunction, we investigated renal and cardiac, functional and structural damage when myocardial infarction (MI) was applied in the setting of kidney injury (induced by 5/6 nephrectomy-STNx). STNx or Sham surgery was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with MI or Sham surgery performed 4 weeks l...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent work demonstrated that application of peripheral nerve and cortical stimulation independently can induce modest improvements in motor performance in patients with stroke. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that combining peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) to the paretic hand with anodal direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the ipsilesional primary...

Selecting a suitable sham condition within the frame of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment trials is a central issue. On the one hand, the ideal sham condition should not have a real stimulation effect; on the other hand, it should not be recognized as sham by patients, particularly when considering that real stimulation conditions come along with rTMS specific side e...

The misuse of sham controls in examining the efficacy or effectiveness of Complementary and Alternative Medicine has created numerous problems. The theoretical justification for incorporating a sham is questionable. The sham does not improve our control of bias and leads to relativistic data that, in most instances, has no appropriate interpretation with regards to treatment efficacy. Even the ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the success of masking study participants to treatment allocation using sham intravitreal injections. METHODS Eyes were randomized to receive sham injections plus prompt laser, intravitreal ranibizumab injections plus prompt laser, intravitreal ranibizumab injections plus deferred laser, or intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injections plus prompt laser up to every 16 ...