Calcium is a vital second messenger which regulates processes in almost all cell types like myocytes, hepatocytes, oocytes,neurons etc. Due to spatiotemporal limitation of imaging techniques, it is not possible to determine calcium concentration at macroscopic level. For this purpose mathematical modeling of calcium dynamics provides a suitable alternative. Several mathematical models governing...

Introduction: Many laser experiments have been done to simulate hypervelocity impact vaporization [e.g., 15]. Laser simulation has a number of advantages. It can create high-temperature plumes with high repeatability and a high repetition cycle at a relatively low cost. Furthermore, because laser light can penetrate through a glass window (if chosen properly), the target material and vaporizati...

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