This study presents mixed integer programming (MIP) models for production lot-sizing problems with distribution costs using unit load devices such as pallets and containers. Problems that integrate production lot-sizing decisions and loading of the products in vehicles (bins) are also modelled, in which constraints such as weight limits, volume restrictions or the value of the cargo loaded in t...

BACKGROUND Transcatheter closure of a secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) has become an effective method for surgical treatment. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and accuracy of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) for sizing ASDs compared with conventional methods. METHODS Between January 2004 and December 2006, 270 patients underwent transcatheter closure of secundum ASD by using ...

In capillary gel electrophoresis (CE), changing run conditions such as temperature can result in minor variations in the size determination of an allele. These effects are caused by secondary structure differences that can occur between the amplified sample and the internal standard. The type of method chosen to generate the sizing curve in STR analysis can influence the relationship between es...

This paper presents a new method for hierarchical characterization of analog integrated circuits. For each circuit class, a fundamental set of performances is defined and extracted topology-independently. A circuit being characterized is decomposed in general subcircuits. Sizing rules of these topology-independent subcircuits are included into the characterization by functional constraints. In ...