This paper develops a necessary and sucient condition for the presence of (input) congestion. Relationships between the two congestion methods presently available are discussed. The equivalence between FaÈ re et al. [12,13] and Brockett et al. [2] hold only when the law of variable proportions is applicable. It is shown that the work of Brockett et al. [2] improves upon the work of FaÈ re et a...

In 2020, China proposed the country’s dual carbon goals of peaking emissions by 2030 and achieving neutrality 2060. Under goals, low-carbon transformation has become an important development direction for Chinese ports. Taking eight ports in China’s Bohai-rim port group as example, this study adopts Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model to evaluate efficiency considering environmental factor dioxide...

Carbon emissions have become a serious environmental problem worldwide, with the greenhouse effect and global temperature increase being main areas of concern. Financial inclusion is means to welfare citizens promote sustainable development. Development financial may big impact on carbon emissions. This study uses data from 2011 2019 do panel Tobit regression check efficiency emissions, which c...

in this survay the total productivity of export development bank of iran (edbi) and the productivity changes of branches was studied by using the method of data envelopment analysis. slacks-based measure of super-efficiency model was used to analyze the total productivity of the edbi in the period of 1373-1384 and malmquist productivity index was used to measure the growth of productivity in br...

China’s urbanization over the past thirty years has been fastest in history and led to significant challenges balancing energy use. As a result, this study proposed comprehensive green assessment index system considering use environment protection together. To be specific, principal component analysis was applied eliminate redundant information, slacks-based measure model used evaluate efficien...

DEA is a non-parametric and linear programming based technique that attempts to maximize a decision making unit’s (DMUs) relative efficiency, expressed as a ratio of outputs to inputs, by comparing a particular unit’s efficiency with the performance of a group of similar DMUs that are delivering the same service. The traditional DEA models treat DMUs as black boxes whose internal structure is i...

The main motivation of this article is to illustrate dynamic network data envelopment analysis (DN-DEA) in commercial banking with emphasis on testing robustness. To this end, sixteen foreign banks in China are benchmarked against thirty-two domestic banks for the post-2007 period that follows major reforms. When network and dynamic dimensions are brought together, a more comprehensive analysis...

To achieve high-quality corporate development, it is essential to undergo green transformation. Unlike previous literature, this paper explores relevant mechanisms affecting firms’ transformation from a novel perspective of credit guidelines (GCG). Using A-share listed industrial enterprises in China 2010 2020 as sample, we combine the generalized moment estimation model (GMM) with difference-i...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric technique for measuring and analyzing the relative efficiency of Decision-Making Unit (DMU) having multiple homogeneous types inputs outputs. Traditional DEA treats DMU as black boxes calculates their efficiencies by considering initial final But overall directly depended upon performances intermediate processes operations. In many situations,...