Mountain snowpack is a critical freshwater reservoir that sustains ecosystems and provides water for hydropower, agriculture, urban uses. Accurate basin-scale estimates are essential ecosystem resources management. Our ability to predict evolution hampered by the low density of precipitation gauges in high mountain regions, as most installed easily accessible areas, which often below snowline. ...

[Abridged] Far-infrared observations with Herschel revealed a surprisingly low abundance of cold-water reservoirs in protoplanetary discs. On the other hand, handful discs show emission hot water transitions excited at temperatures above few hundred Kelvin. In particular, around Herbig Ae stars HD 100546 and 163296 opposite trends terms cold versus emission: first case, ground-state are detecte...

The large icy moons of Jupiter formed in a circumplanetary disk (CPD). CPDs are fed by infalling circumstellar gas and dust which may be shock-heated upon accretion or sublimated while passing through an optically thin gap. Accreted material is then either incorporated into moons, falls the planet, lost beyond edge on relatively short timescales. If ices during onto CPD we know there must suffi...

Formation of the first planetesimals remains an unsolved problem. Growth by sticking must initiate process, but multiple studies have revealed a series barriers that can slow or stall growth, most them due to nebula turbulence. In companion paper, we study influence these on models fractal aggregate and solid, compact particle growth in viscously evolving solar-like for range turbulent intensit...

Context. In cold and shielded environments, molecules freeze out on dust grain surfaces to form ices such as H 2 O, CO, CO , CH 4 3 OH, NH . protoplanetary disks, conditions are present in the midplane regions beyond snowline, but exact radial vertical extension depend disk mass, geometry, stellar ultra-violet irradiation. Aims. The goal of this work is a computationally efficient method comput...

Cross-correlation of image-pairs derived from both optical and synthetic aperture radar satellite imagery is the most common technique for measuring glacier flow velocity quantifying dynamics discharge glaciers. While has been shown to be effective on polar ice sheets, accuracy satellite-derived velocities in temperate alpine regions poorly constrained. Flow were measured situ using an RTK-GPS ...

Medium-resolution integral-field spectrographs (IFS) coupled with adaptive-optics such as Keck/OSIRIS, VLT/MUSE, or SINFONI are appearing a new avenue for enhancing the detection and characterization capabilities of young, gas giant exoplanets at large heliocentric distances (>5 au). We analyzed K -band VLT/SINFONI medium-resolution ( R λ ~5577) observations young exoplanet HIP 65426 b. Our ...

Understanding the variability of snowline and closely related 0°C isotherm during infrequent precipitation events in dry Andes Chile is fundamental for precipitation, snow cover, discharge predictions. For instance, it known that on windward side mountains, can be several hundreds meters lower than free air upwind counterpart, but little understood about such effects due to missing situ evidenc...

The present-day envelope of gaseous planets is a relic how these giant originated and evolved. Measuring their elemental composition therefore presents powerful opportunity to answer long-standing questions regarding planet formation. Obtaining precise observational constraints on the inventory exoplanets has, however, remained challenging owing limited simultaneous wavelength coverage current ...

Linking atmospheric characteristics of planets to their formation pathways is a central theme in the study extrasolar planets. Although 12C/13C isotope ratio shows little variation solar system, atmosphere super-Jupiter was recently shown be rich 13CO, possibly as result dominant ice accretion beyond CO snowline during its formation. In this paper we aim measure 12CO/13CO isotopologue young, is...