Water management in snowy mountainous regions hinges on forecasting snowmelt runoff. However, droughts are altering snowpack-runoff relationships with ongoing debate about the driving mechanisms. For example, 2021 California, less than half of predicted streamflow arrived. Mechanisms proposed for this “missing” included changes evapotranspiration (ET), rainfall, and subsurface moisture conditio...

The loss of snow cover and the initiation of streamflow are key triggers for both terrestrial and aquatic biota. Landscape-scale snowmelt and streamflow dynamics are difficult to estimate, however, because they integrate large spatial extents and can vary rapidly in time. Remotely sensed observations are often temporally discontinuous and point observations lack sufficient spatial density (e.g....

The SWAT model has been widely used to simulate snowmelt runoff in cold regions thanks its ability of representing the effects and permafrost on generation confluence. However, a core method model, temperature index method, assumes both dates for maximum minimum factors threshold, which leads inaccuracies simulating seasonal regions. In this paper, we present development application an improved...

Date_______________ The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline ABSTRACT Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a ubiquitous mixture of compounds formed from the degradation of both terrestrial and microbial materials. It is a key link acro...