Simultaneous recordings from the soma and apical dendrite of layer V neocortical pyramidal cells of young rats show that, for any location of current input, an evoked action potential (AP) always starts at the axon and then propagates actively, but decrementally, backward into the dendrites. This back-propagating AP is supported by a low density (-gNa = approximately 4 mS/cm2) of rapidly inacti...

We tested the ability of an identified interneuron from the mollusk, Lymnaea stagnalis, to reestablish appropriate synapses in vitro. In the CNS, the giant dopaminergic neuron, designated as right pedal dorsal one (RPeD1), makes an excitatory, chemical synapse with a pair of essentially identical postsynaptic cells known as visceral dorsal two and three (VD2/3). When the somata of the pre- and ...

To understand the hierarchy of life in evolutionary terms, we must explain why groups of one kind of individual, say cells, evolve into a new higher level individual, a multicellular organism. A fundamental step in this process is the division of labor into nonreproductive altruistic soma. The regA gene is critical for somatic differentiation in Volvox carteri, a multicellular species of volvoc...

The migration of Schwann cells is critical for development of peripheral nervous system and is essential for regeneration and remyelination after nerve injury. Although several factors have been identified to regulate Schwann cell migration, intrinsic migratory properties of Schwann cells remain elusive. In this study, based on time-lapse imaging of single isolated Schwann cells, we examined th...

The lecture can be divided into two parts. The first part of the lecture is based on: A perspective on Multi-Access Channels by Robert G. Gallager. The paper is GALLAGER, R. A Perspective on Multi-Access Channels. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 31(2):124-142, 1985. The second part of the lecture is based on: An Asymptotically Nonadaptive Algorithm for Conflict Resolution in Multiple-A...

1. Writer G. Hancock follows R. G. Wasson’s researches into the use of a hallucinogenic or, as the newer term is, entheogenic drug from the mushroom amanita muscaria (= fly agaric) and indologists S. Kamrisch and W. Doniger O’ Flaherty (1986): they all think that this mushroom was the soma potion, so amply celebrated in the RV (=Ṛgveda). He then concludes that “an ancient hallucinogenic cult ex...

ion that corresponds to a network locality. In each domain, a default place hosts a gateway to perform inter-domain functionality, to maintain domain-specific runtime information and to permit full integration with other components via the interoperability facility (see Sect. 3.3). Places and domains abstract a logical representation of system physical resources, and permit users and administra...

Cardiorespiratory control is mediated in part by central chemosensitive neurons that respond to increased CO(2) (hypercapnia). Activation of these neurons is thought to involve hypercapnia-induced decreases in intracellular pH (pH(i)). All previous measurements of hypercapnia-induced pH(i) changes in chemosensitive neurons have been obtained from the soma, but chemosensitive signaling could be ...