Somatic mutation plays a key role in transforming normal cells into cancerous cells. The analysis of cancer progression therefore requires the study of how point mutations and chromosomal mutations accumulate in cellular lineages. The spread of somatic mutations depends on the mutation rate, the number of cell divisions in the history of a cellular lineage, and the nature of competition between...

In the second half of the twentieth century, scientists learned how to clone some species of mammals. Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer [5] to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells [6] for laboratory and medical use. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning [7], stem cell research, and regenerative medicine [8]. Som...

Nitrogen components of yoghurt milk samples and resulting probiotic set yoghurt weredetermined. Analyses included total nitrogen (TN), non-casein nitrogen (NCN), non-proteinnitrogen (NPN), casein nitrogen (CN) and proteolysis index (PI). Yoghurt samples wereanalyzed 1, 7, 14 and 21days after production and storage at 5±1°C. TN, CN and PI contentsof yoghurt milk samples with high Somatic Cell SC...

Genetic evaluations of Holstein bulls for mean somatic cell score were compared with their standardized transmitting abilities for linear type traits. Based on first lactation daughter information from five dairy records processing centers, PTA for somatic cell scores for 712 sires ranged from -.50 to .56. Standardized transmitting abilities for 14 type traits were provided for these bulls by t...

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent cellular state similar to that of embryonic stem cells. Given the significant physiological differences between the somatic and pluripotent cells, cell reprogramming is associated with a profound reorganization of the somatic phenotype at all levels. The remodeling of mitochondrial morphology is one of these dramatic changes that somatic cell...

Background Information A clonal population of cells is defined as those cells arising from the mitotic division of a single somatic cell. The somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis contends that a tumor results from the progeny of a single cell having acquired one or more somatic mutations [1]. Therefore, one of the most important features identifying a cell as being neoplastic is its clonal...