Raw poultry carcasses are often contaminated with pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes. Campylobacteriosis is an emerging and one of the most frequently reported zoonotic infectious disease. Further to the best management practices in husbandry, slaughtering and processing, decontaminating treatments might be required to control microbial hazards...

In this paper, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is introduced and its advantages over ordinary steam injection is demonstrated. A simple simulation model is built and three scenarios of natural production, ordinary steam injection, and SAGD are compared in terms of their cumulative oil production and cumulative oil steam ratio. The results show that SAGD can significantly enhance oil prod...

on experiment was designed for evaluating the nutritienal characteristics and physico-chemical properties of steam treated sugarcane pith (19 bar, 3 min.) and some other roughages. steam treatment resulted in a significant decreased (p<0.05) in ndf (77 vs. 55%), hemicellulose to cellulose ratio (0.54 vs. 0.10) and increased hemicellulose solubility of and soluble sugar fraction (20 vs. 124 mg/g...

The dangers posed by non-condensable gases (NCGs) in steam sterilisation processes have long been underestimated. Biological indicators, or the best chemical indicators on the market, do not signal the presence of a NCG content of up to 10% in a sterilisation process so long as there is mixing of steam and NCGs in the sterilisation chamber. Already back in 1963, Bowie and Dick (1) demonstrated ...

Optimal operation of site utility systems is becoming an increasingly important part of any successful business strategy as environmental, legislative and commercial pressures grow. A reliable steam model allows a clear understanding of the system and of any operational constraints. It can also be used to determine the true cost of improvement projects, relating any changes in steam demand back...

Steam is a key energy vector for industrial sites, most commonly used for process heating and cooling, cogeneration of heat and mechanical power as a motive fluid or for stripping. Steam networks are used to carry steam from producers to consumers and between pressure levels through letdowns and steam turbines. The steam producers (boilers, heat and power cogeneration units, heat exchangers, ch...