In 1948, the psychologist Edward Tolman described experiments in which rats were trained to follow a path through a complex maze to reach a food box. After the rats performed perfectly (chose the shortest way to reach the goal), the trained path was blocked; the rats had to select another path from a variety of alternatives. Astonishingly, most of the rats found a path that was close to the mos...

It is argued that a reliable and substantive sex difference, favoring males, exists in dynamic forms of spatial cognition, in particular, in the ability to mentally manipulate 3-d imensional representations of astir, track movement in 3-dimensional space, navigate, and in terms of an implicit understanding of Euclidean features of physical space. It is proposed that these sex differences arise ...

Prior research has investigated the relation between children's language and spatial cognition by assessing the quantity of children's spatial word production, with limited attention to the context in which children use such words. This study tested whether 4-year-olds children's (N = 41, primarily white middle class) adaptive use of task-relevant language across contexts predicted their spatia...

Jackendoff. " What " and " where " in spatial language and spatial cognition. [Lang 89] E. Lang. Primärer Orientierungsraum und inhärentes Proportionsschema: Inter-agierende Kategorisierungsraster bei der Konzeptualisierung räumlicher Objekte.

Previous research has found a connection between spatial cognition and success in STEM areas and that spatial cognition skills can be trained using video games. The present study explores whether a relationship exists between non-trained spatial cognition skills and video game performance. Nonvideo game players first completed four spatial cognition tasks and then played two video games, Tetris...