Spiders were sampled at Mpala Research Centre, Laikipia, Kenya by pitfall-trapping and sweep-netting from May 2001 to July 2002, at a Kenyan Long-term Exclosure Experiment. The aim was to establish species composition, checklist and examine spider responses to disturbances caused by cattle, megaherbivores (giraffe and elephants) and mesoherbivores (other ungulates) by looking at three levels of...

silvicultural operation need to notice the plant species diversity in forest. to this study gomarlang district in marivan region, northern zagros forest was selected. selected 100 ha area because have similar physiography condition (north aspect and 1650 to 1800 m s.a.l. in study area 100 micro plots of 5m by 5 m (25 m2) including the species and the numbers of this species randomized-systemati...

Bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) carry a diverse filamentous fungal community sometimes acting as vectors or carriers of phytopathogens. In this study, mycobiota carried by two Tomicus species (Tomicus piniperda and Tomicus destruens) were investigated through (i) morphological and molecular identification of taxa; (ii) taxonomic richness, diversity, evenness, dominance and phoresy indices...

recent attitude of vegetation assessors is using of new ecologic approaches to evaluate and analyse the complex rangeland ecosystems. plant diversity is the most important indices to assess the ecological changes of rangelands. in order to survey of plant indices of rangelands, two exclosure areas (long-term and mid-term) and a grazing area in rangelands of javaherdeh (ramsar, iran) were select...

Functional diversity based on species traits is a powerful tool to investigate how changes in species richness and composition affect ecosystem functioning. However, studies aimed at understanding changes in functional diversity over large temporal and spatial scales are still scant. Here we evaluate the combined effect of diversification and species sorting on functional diversity of fossil ma...

Knowledge of the relationships between biotic components of rangeland ecosystem i.e. herbivores and plants is important for range managers. In order to study herbivorse grazing intensity on plant species diversity, an experiment was conductef using fuor grazing treatments in darrehshar rangelands, Ilam province in 2015. Plant species data were taken based on a randomized-systematic sampling met...

aim of this research was evaluated and compared of density (number tree per hectare), basal area and volume characteristics for estimation of tree species diversity in degraded forests. in order to, 73 hectares of kouhmian forests was inventory based on random systematic pattern with circular plots (10r and 26 plots). in each plot species, dbh and number of tree were measured and recorded. to e...

Among the most popular of metrics used to quantify landscape composition are Shannon’s index, believed to emphasize the richness component of diversity, and Simpson’s index, emphasizing the evenness component. These indices can show considerable variation in response to changes in landscape richness and evenness. However, the possibility of encountering opposite trends in the responses of these...

Gaps play a crucial role in maintaining species diversity, yet how community structure and composition influence gap formation is still poorly understood. We apply a spatially structured community model to predict how species diversity and intraspecific aggregation shape gap patterns emerging after climatic events, based on species-specific mortality responses. In multispecies communities, aver...